Pharmaceutical compositions comprising 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3&#39;,4&#39;:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl) butan-1-one for inhibiting serotonin reuptake transporter activity

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one in toluenesulfonic acid addition salt form: 
                         
and methods of use in the treatment of diseases involving the 5-HT 2A  receptor pathway, the serotonin transporter (SERT) pathway and/or the dopamine D 2  receptor pathway signaling systems.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/629,481, filed on Jun. 21, 2017, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/777,466 filed on Sep. 15, 2015, which is a National Stage Entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/029914 filed on Mar. 15, 2014, which claims benefit to and priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/799,405 filed on Mar. 15, 2013, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to particular substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines, in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, their prodrugs as described herein, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of use in the treatment of diseases involving 5-HT_(2A) receptor, serotonin transporter (SERT) and/or pathways involving dopamine D₂ receptor signaling systems, e.g., diseases or disorders such as anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, sexual disorders, migraine, conditions associated with cephalic pain, social phobias, gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract motility and obesity; depression and mood disorders associated with psychosis or Parkinson's disease; psychosis such as schizophrenia associated with depression; bipolar disorder; and other psychiatric and neurological conditions, as well as to combinations with other agents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines have been reported to be agonists or antagonists of 5-HT2 receptors, particularly 5-HT_(2A) and 5-HT₂c receptors, in treating central nervous system disorders. These compounds have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,493; 7,238,690; 6,552,017; 6,713,471; 7,183,282; U.S. RE39680, and U.S. RE39679, as novel compounds useful for the treatment of disorders associated with 5-HT_(2A) receptor modulation such as obesity, anxiety, depression, psychosis, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, sexual disorders migraine, conditions associated with cephalic pain, social phobias, gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract motility, and obesity. PCT/US08/03340 (WO 2008/112280) and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/786,935 (U.S. Pub. No. 2004/0209864) also disclose methods of making substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines and uses of these gamma-carbolines as serotonin agonists and antagonists useful for the control and prevention of central nervous system disorders such as addictive behavior and sleep disorders. WO 2009/114181 also discloses of methods of preparing toluenesulfonic acid addition salt crystals of these substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines.

In addition, WO/2009/145900 discloses use of particular substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines for the treatment of a combination of psychosis and depressive disorders as well as sleep, depressive and/or mood disorders in patients with psychosis or Parkinson's disease. In addition to disorders associated with psychosis and/or depression, this patent application discloses and claims use of these compounds at a low dose to selectively antagonize 5-HT_(2A) receptors without affecting or minimally affecting dopamine D₂ receptors, thereby useful for the treatment of sleep disorders without the side effects of the dopamine D₂ pathways or side effects of other pathways (e.g., GABA_(A) receptors) associated with convention sedative-hypnotic agents (e.g., benzodiazepines) including but not limited to the development of drug dependency, muscle hypotonia, weakness, headache, blurred vision, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, joint pains, and chest pains.

While these substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines and their uses have been reported, particularly for the treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia, patient compliance in adhering to the medication schedule is a common and critical problem in therapy. According to one study, non-compliance with antipsychotic medication is observed in around 50% of people with schizophrenia. Such non-compliance is linked to the increase in re-hospitalizations and generally poorer outcome in people with psychotic disorders. Therefore, there exists a need for drugs, particularly anti-psychotic drugs that can overcome the non-compliance and provide prodrugs which have a sustained or delayed release profile.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides prodrugs as well as depot formulation of particular substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines that have altered pharmacokinetic profile, e.g., altered rate of absorption and distribution, and therefore may be useful for an improved formulation and/or for controlling the duration of the effect of the drug in the body (e.g., for sustained- or controlled release). The invention therefore provides compounds and their prodrugs, their pharmaceutical composition, for use as set forth herein.

In the first aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula I:

wherein:

-   -   X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)- or —O—;     -   Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl; and     -   W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In a further embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I(a) wherein:

-   -   X is —N(H)— or —N(CH₃)—;     -   Y is —C(O)— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl; and     -   W is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In another further embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I(b) wherein:

-   -   X is —N(CH₃)—;     -   Y is —C(O)—;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In yet another further embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, I(a) and I(b) as described in the following formulae:

-   -   1.1 the compound of Formula I, wherein X is —N(H)—,         —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)- or —O—;     -   1.2 the compound of Formula I, wherein X is —O—;     -   1.3 the compound of Formula I, wherein X is —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)-,         e.g., —N(CH₃)—;     -   1.4 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b), wherein X is         —N(CH₃)—;     -   1.5 the compound of Formula I or I(a), wherein X is —N(H)—;     -   1.6 the compound of Formula I or any of formulae 1.1-1.5,         wherein Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   1.7 the compound of Formula I or any of formulae 1.1-1.6,         wherein Y is —O—;     -   1.8 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.6, wherein Y is —C(O)—;     -   1.9 the compound of Formula I or I(a) or any of formulae         1.1-1.6, wherein Y is —C(H)(OR⁴);     -   1.10 formula 1.9, wherein R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   1.11 formula 1.9 or 1.10, wherein R⁴ is H;     -   1.12 formula 1.9 or 1.10, wherein R⁴ is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl (e.g.,         —C(O)—C₁₋₅alkyl, —C(O)—C₆₋₁₅alkyl or —C(O)—C₁₆₋₂₁alkyl),         preferably said alkyl is a straight chain, saturated or         unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy         or C₁₋₂₂alkoxy (e.g., ethoxy) groups, for example R⁴ is         —C(O)—C₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₇alkyl, —C(O)—C₉alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl,         —C(O)—C₁₃alkyl or —C(O)—C₁₅alkyl and such compound hydrolyzes to         form the residue of a natural or unnatural, saturated or         unsaturated fatty acid, e.g., the compound hydrolyzes to form         the hydroxy compound on the one hand and octanoic acid, decanoic         acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid or hexadecanoic acid         on the other hand);     -   1.13 formula 1.9 or 1.10, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group         consisting of —C(O)—C₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₇alkyl, —C(O)—C₉alkyl,         —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₃alkyl and —C(O)—C₁₅alkyl;     -   1.14 formula 1.9 or 1.10, wherein R⁴ is —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl;     -   1.15 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.14, wherein R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)),         —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   1.16 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.15, wherein R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c));     -   1.17 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.15, wherein R⁸ is —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c));     -   1.18 formula 1.16 or 1.17, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are         independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   1.19 any of formulae 1.16-1.18, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c)         are independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group         consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl,         C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   1.20 any of formulae 1.16-1.19, wherein any one of R^(a), R^(b)         or R^(c) is H;     -   1.21 any of formulae 1.16-1.20, wherein one or two of R^(a),         R^(b) and R^(c) are independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected         from the group consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl,         C₉alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl), and the remaining         R^(a), R^(b) and/or R^(c) is H;     -   1.22 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.21, wherein R⁸ is —O—C(H)(CH₃)₂;     -   1.23 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.21, wherein R⁸ is —C(CH₃)₃;     -   1.24 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.15, wherein R⁸ is —N(R^(d))(R^(e)) and R^(d) and R^(e) are         independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   1.25 formula 1.24, wherein R^(d) or R^(e) is C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g.,         selected from the group consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl,         C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   1.26 formula 1.24 or 1.25, wherein R^(d) and R^(e) are         independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group         consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl,         C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   1.27 formula 1.24 or 1.25, wherein one of R^(d) or R^(e) is         C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group consisting of C₂alkyl,         C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and         C₁₉alkyl) and the other R^(d) or R^(e) is H;     -   1.28 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.24-1.27, wherein R⁸ is —N(H)(C₆alkyl);     -   1.29 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.28, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   1.30 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.29, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are both H;     -   1.31 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formula         1.1-1.30, wherein W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion;     -   1.32 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formula         1.1-1.31, wherein W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion         selected from the group consisting of: Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, HC(O)O⁻,         CH₃C(O)O⁻, CF₃C(O)O⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻;     -   1.33 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.32, wherein the compound is selected from:

-   -   1.34 the compound of Formula I, I(a) or I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.33, wherein the compound is selected from:

-   -   1.35 the compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.34, wherein the compound is in substantially pure         diastereomeric form (i.e., substantially free from other         diastereomers);     -   1.36 the compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.35, wherein the compound has a diasteromeric excess of         greater than 70%, preferably greater than 80%, more preferably         greater than 90% and most preferably greater than 95%;     -   1.37 the compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of the         above-referenced formulae wherein the compound is selected from         the group consisting of:

-   -   1.38 the compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any off the         above-referenced formulae wherein the compound is selected from         the group consisting of:

In a particular embodiment, the compound is a compound of formula I(b) wherein R⁸ is selected from C₉alkyl, —O—C(H)(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃ and —N(H)(C₆alkyl).

In the second aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula II:

wherein:

-   -   Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl; and     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In a further embodiment of the second aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula II(a) wherein:

-   -   Y is —C(O)— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl; and     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In a further embodiment of the second aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula II(b) wherein:

-   -   Y is —C(O)—;     -   R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —CH₂—O—C(O)—R¹;     -   R¹ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl; and     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In yet another further embodiment of the second aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, II(a) and II(b) as described in the following formulae:

-   -   2.1. the compound of Formula II, wherein Y is —C(O)—, —O— or         —C(H)(OR⁴)—;     -   2.2. the compound of Formula II or formula 2.1, wherein Y is         —O—;     -   2.3. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or formula 2.1,         wherein Y is —C(O)—     -   2.4. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or formula 2.1, wherein Y         is —C(H)(OR⁴);     -   2.5. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or formula 2.4, wherein         R⁴ is H or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   2.6. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or any of formulae         2.4-2.5, wherein R⁴ is H;     -   2.7. the compound of Formula II or II(a) or any of formulae         2.4-2.5, wherein R⁴ is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl (e.g., —C(O)—C₁₋₅alkyl,         —C(O)—C₆₋₁₅alkyl or —C(O)—C₁₆₋₂₁alkyl), preferably said alkyl is         a straight chain, saturated or unsaturated and optionally         substituted with one or more hydroxy or C₁₋₂₂alkoxy (e.g.,         ethoxy) groups, for example R⁴ is —C(O)—C₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₇alkyl,         —C(O)—C₉alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₃alkyl or —C(O)—C₁₅alkyl         and such compound hydrolyzes to form the residue of a natural or         unnatural, saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, e.g., the         compound hydrolyzes to form the hydroxy compound on the one hand         and octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic         acid or hexadecanoic acid on the other hand);     -   2.8. the compound of Formula II or II(a) or any of formulae         2.4-2.5 and 2.7, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group         consisting of —C(O)—C₆alkyl, —C(O)—C₇alkyl, —C(O)—C₉alkyl,         —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl, —C(O)—C₁₃alkyl and —C(O)—C₁₅alkyl;     -   2.9. the compound of Formula II or II(a) or any of formulae         2.4-2.5 and 2.7-2.8, wherein R⁴ is —C(O)—C₁₁alkyl;     -   2.10. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.9, wherein R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c))         or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸;     -   2.11. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.10, wherein R⁵ is —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸ and R⁸ is         —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c));     -   2.12. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.10, wherein R⁵ is —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸ and R⁸ is         —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c));     -   2.13. any of formulae 2.10-2.12, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c)         are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group         consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl,         C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   2.14. any of formulae 2.10-2.13, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c)         are independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group         consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl,         C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   2.15. any of formulae 2.10-2.14, wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c)         are independently H;     -   2.16. any of formulae 2.10-2.15, wherein one or two of R^(a),         R^(b) and R^(c) are independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected         from the group consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl,         C₉alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl), and the remaining         R^(a), R^(b) and/or R^(c) is H;     -   2.17. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.10-2.16, wherein R⁸ is —O—C(H)(CH₃)₂;     -   2.18. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.10-2.16, wherein R⁸ is —C(CH₃)₃;     -   2.19. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.10, wherein R⁵ is —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸ and R⁸ is         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   2.20. formula 2.19, wherein R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H         or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   2.21. formula 2.19 or 2.20, wherein both R^(d) and R^(e) are         independently C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group         consisting of C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl,         C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and C₁₉alkyl);     -   2.22. formula 2.19 or 2.20, wherein R^(d) or R^(e) is H;     -   2.23. formula 2.19 or 2.22, wherein one of R^(d) or R^(e) is         C₁₋₂₄alkyl (e.g., selected from the group consisting of C₂alkyl,         C₃alkyl, C₆alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₄alkyl and         C₁₉alkyl) and the other R^(d) or R^(e) is H;     -   2.24. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.19-2.23, wherein R⁸ is —N(H)(C₆alkyl);     -   2.25. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.24-, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or         C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   2.26. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.24, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are both H;     -   2.27. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of form         formulae 2.1-2.27, wherein W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable         anion;     -   2.28. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formula 2.1-2.27, wherein W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable         anion selected from the group consisting of: Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻,         HC(O)O⁻, CH₃C(O)O⁻, CF₃C(O)O⁻, H₂PO₄ ⁻;     -   2.29. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.28, wherein the compound is selected from:

-   -   2.30. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.29, wherein the compound is in substantially pure         diastereomeric form (i.e., substantially free from other         diastereomers);     -   2.31. the compound of Formula II, II(a) or II(b) or any of         formulae 2.1-2.30, wherein the compound has a diasteromeric         excess of greater than 70%, preferably greater than 80%, more         preferably greater than 90% and most preferably greater than         95%;         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In the third aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula III:

wherein:

-   -   X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)- or —O—;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl) or         —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, R¹ and         R³ are not both H, and when R³ is —C(O)—C₁₁₋₂₁alkyl, R¹ is         C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl); and     -   W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In a particular embodiment of the third aspect, the compound of Formula III is a compound wherein:

-   -   X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)- or —O—;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl),         provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not         both H; and     -   W⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In a further embodiment of the third aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula III as hereinbefore described as follows:

-   -   3.1 the compound of Formula III, wherein R² is OR³, wherein R³         is H, C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl) or —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, provided         that R¹ and R² are not both H, R¹ and R³ are not both H, and         when R³ is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, R¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   3.2 the compound of Formula III or 3.1, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl         (e.g., methyl);     -   3.3 the compound of Formula III, 3.1 or 3.2, wherein R¹ is         methyl;     -   3.4 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.3,         wherein R² is OR³ and R³ is C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   3.5 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.4,         wherein R² is OR³ and R³ is methyl;     -   3.6 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.3,         wherein R² is OR³ and R³ is H, provided that R¹ and R² are not         both H and R¹ and R³ are not both H;     -   3.7 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.3,         wherein R² is OR³ and R³ is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   3.8 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.7,         wherein X is N(H), N(C₁₋₄alkyl) or O;     -   3.9 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.7,         wherein X is —O—;     -   3.10 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.7,         wherein X is —N(H)—;     -   3.11 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.7,         wherein X is —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)-;     -   3.12 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.7,         wherein X is —N(CH₃)—;     -   3.13 the Compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.12,         wherein the Compound is:

-   -   3.14 the Compound of Formula III or any of 3.1-3.12, wherein the         Compound is:

-   -   3.15 the Compound of Formula III or any of 3.12-3.14, wherein         the Compound is in substantially pure diastereomeric form (i.e.,         substantially free from other diastereomers);     -   3.16 the Compound of Formula III or any of 3.1-3.15, wherein the         Compound has a diasteromeric excess of greater than 70%,         preferably greater than 80%, more preferably greater than 90%         and most preferably greater than 95%;     -   3.17 the compound of Formula III or any of 3.1-3.16, wherein R⁸,         R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R⁶, R⁷ and W⁻ are         independently as described in any of formulae 1.15-1.32;     -   3.18 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.17,         wherein the compound is in substantially pure diastereomeric         form (i.e., substantially free from other diastereomers);     -   3.19 the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.18,         wherein the compound has a diasteromeric excess of greater than         70%, preferably greater than 80%, more preferably greater than         90% and most preferably greater than 95%.

In the fourth aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula IV:

wherein:

-   -   R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H, C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl) or         —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl;     -   provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, R¹ and R³ are not both         H, and when R³ is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, R¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g.,         methyl),         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In a particular embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is a compound wherein:

-   -   R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸;     -   R⁸ is —C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)), —O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or         —N(R^(d))(R^(e));     -   R^(a), R^(b) and R^(c) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R^(d) and R^(e) are independently H or C₁₋₂₄alkyl;     -   R⁶ and R⁷ are independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl);     -   provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not         both H,         in free, salt or prodrug form.

In a further embodiment of the fourth aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula IV as hereinbefore described as follows:

-   -   4.1. the compound of Formula IV, wherein R⁸, R^(a), R^(b),         R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R⁶, R⁷, R⁵ and are independently as         described in any of formulae 2.10-2.28;     -   4.2. the compound of Formula IV or 4.1, wherein R¹, R² and R³         are independently as described in any of formulae 3.1-3.12;     -   4.3. the compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.2,         wherein the compound is in substantially pure diastereomeric         form (i.e., substantially free from other diastereomers);     -   4.4. the compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.2,         wherein the compound has a diasteromeric excess of greater than         70%, preferably greater than 80%, more preferably greater than         90% and most preferably greater than 95%.     -   in free, salt or prodrug form.

The compounds of the present invention, e.g., the compounds of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae 1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described, Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae 2.1-2.31, as hereinbefore described; or a compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as hereinbefore described; and a compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as hereinbefore described, are useful as prodrugs, which may be cleaved to release the active compounds. Wherein R⁴ of the compounds of Formula I et seq. and Formula II et seq. is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, or R³ of the compounds of Formula III et seq. and Formula IV et seq. is —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl, these compounds may exists as a mix prodrug wherein the —C(O)—C₁₋₂₁alkyl or R⁵ or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—OC(O)R⁹ may be independently cleaved off. Upon cleavage, the compounds of Formula I et seq. will release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)- or —O—; Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—; and R⁴ is H. Similarly, the compounds of Formula II et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—; Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—; and R⁴ is H. The compound of Formula III et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)- or —O—; R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl); and R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H, provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not both H. The compound of Formula IV et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl); R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H; provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not both H. The compounds of the invention are believed to provide an extended release of the active compound.

In the fifth aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the current invention as hereinbefore described, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Therefore, in a further embodiment of the fifth aspect, the invention provides the following:

-   -   5.1. A Pharmaceutical Composition comprising the compound of         Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae 1.1-1.38 as         hereinbefore described, in admixture with a pharmaceutically         acceptable diluent or carrier (Pharmaceutical Composition 5.1);     -   5.2. A Pharmaceutical Composition comprising the compound of         Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae 2.1-2.31, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as hereinbefore described,         in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or         carrier (Pharmaceutical Composition 5.2);     -   5.3. A Pharmaceutical Composition comprising the compound of         Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as hereinbefore         described, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable         diluent or carrier (Pharmaceutical Composition 5.3);     -   5.4. A Pharmaceutical Composition comprising the compound of         Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as hereinbefore described,         in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, in admixture         with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier         (Pharmaceutical Composition 5.4);     -   5.5. A Pharmaceutical Composition comprising the compound of         Formula Q:

-   -   -   wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(CH₃)— or —O—; and Y is —C(═O), —O—             or —C(H)(OH), in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt             form, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable             diluent or carrier (Pharmaceutical Composition 5.5).

In a further embodiment of the fifth aspect, the invention provides the Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae 5.1-5.5, which comprises a vehicle comprising an optional viscosity enhancing agent. The drug substance or their prodrugs (e.g., the compound disclosed herein) can be dispersed or suspended in the vehicle. The vehicle is preferably an aqueous vehicle which suspends the compounds of the invention disclosed herein. Preferably, the vehicle contains a viscosity enhancing agent. Preferably, these pharmaceutical compositions comprising an optional viscosity enhancing agent are free or substantially free of sustained release matrices such as macromolecules like albumin present in major amounts (e.g., 50% by weight or more of total solids), and polymeric matrix like poly lactide-co-glycolide polymers. It is believed that these pharmaceutical compositions will provide an extended release profile similar to that obtained by the injection of a poly lactide-co-glycolide microsphere formulation containing the active agent.

Viscous vehicles useful for the fifth aspect can have, for example, a viscosity of at least 20 cp at 20° C. In other embodiments, the fluid phase of the suspension has a viscosity at 20° C. of at least about 30 cp, 40 cp, 50 cp, and 60 cp. The viscosity can be achieved by adding a viscosity enhancing agent, such as a carboxymethyl cellulose, such as sodium carboxy methylcellulose. The pharmaceutical composition comprising a viscosity enhancing agent such as a carboxy methylcellulose provides an extended or sustained release for the compound described herein. In one embodiment, the injection vehicle comprises at least about 1% by volume sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, preferably about 3% by volume carboxymethyl cellulose. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,338,427 and 8,338,428, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In one embodiment, the invention provides the Pharmaceutical Composition 5.5, wherein the compound of Formula Q is a compound wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O), in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In another embodiment, the invention provides the Pharmaceutical Composition 5.5, wherein the compound of Formula Q is a compound wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O), in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, and the viscosity enhancing agent is sodium carboxy methylcellulose.

In the sixth aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., for sustained or delayed release, e.g., depot, formulation, comprising (i) the compound as described in any of formulae 6.1-6.5; and (ii) a polymeric matrix:

-   -   6.1. the compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described (Pharmaceutical Composition         6.1);     -   6.2. the compound of Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae         2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as         hereinbefore described (Pharmaceutical Composition 6.2);     -   6.3. the compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as         hereinbefore described (Pharmaceutical Composition 6.3);     -   6.4. the compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as         hereinbefore described, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt form (Pharmaceutical Composition 6.4); or     -   6.5. the compound of Formula Q:

-   -   -   wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(CH₃)— or —O—; and Y is —C(═O), —O—             or —C(H)(OH), in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt             form, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable             diluent or carrier (Pharmaceutical Composition 6.5).             In a further embodiment, the polymeric matrix comprises             standard polymers used in depot formulations such as             polymers selected from apolyester of a hydroxyfatty acid and             derivatives thereof, or a polymer of an alkyl             alpha-cyanoacrylate, a polyalkylene oxalate, a polyortho             ester, a polycarbonate, a polyortho-carbonate, a polyamino             acid, a hyaluronic acid ester, and mixtures thereof. In a             further embodiment, the polymer is selected from a group             consisting of polylactide, poly d,l-lactide, poly glycolide,             PLGA 50:50, PLGA 85:15 and PLGA 90:10 polymer. In another             embodiment, the polymer is selected from poly(glycolic             acid), poly-D,L-lactic acid, poly-L-lactic acid, copolymers             of the foregoing, poly(aliphatic carboxylic acids),             copolyoxalates, polycaprolactone, polydioxonone, poly(ortho             carbonates), poly(acetals), poly(lactic acid-caprolactone),             polyorthoesters, poly(glycolic acid-caprolactone),             polyanhydrides, and natural polymers including albumin,             casein, and waxes, such as, glycerol mono- and distearate,             and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric             matrix comprises poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide). For             example, the Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae             6.1-6.5 wherein said compound is dissolved or dispersed in a             polymeric matrix which comprises a             poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide). Any of Pharmaceutical             Compositions of formulae 6.1-6.5 as hereinbefore described             may be in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable             diluent or carrier.

The pharmaceutical compositions of any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or the pharmaceutical composition of any of formulae 6.1-6.5 are particularly useful for sustained or delayed release, wherein the compound is released upon degradation of the polymeric matrix and/or the prodrug. Therefore, these compositions may be formulated for controlled- and/or sustained-release of the active compounds as described above over a period of up to 180 days, e.g., from about 7 to about 14 to about 30 to about 180 days. For example, the polymeric matrix may degrade and release the compounds disclosed herein over a period of about 7, about 14, about 30, about 60 or about 90 days. In another example, the polymeric matrix may degrade and release the compounds disclosed herein over a period of about 120, or about 180 days. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5 releases the compound over a period of up to 180 days, about 120 days, about 90 days, about 60 days, about 30 days, about 14 days or about 7 days.

In still another further embodiment, the Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention (e.g., any of formulae 5.1-5.5 and any of formulae 6.1-6.5) are formulated for administration by injection. In another embodiment, the Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention (e.g., Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5) may be formulated for oral administration.

In the seventh aspect, the invention provides the compound as hereinbefore described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5, in an osmotic controlled release oral delivery system (OROS). In a particular embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention provides a device comprising (a) a gelatin capsule containing the compound described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5; (b) a multilayer wall superposed on the gelatin capsule comprising, in outward order from the capsule: (i) a barrier layer, (ii) an expandable layer, and (iii) a semipermeable layer; and (c) and orifice formed or formable through the wall. (Composition P.1) Osmotic controlled release oral delivery system is described in WO 2000/35419 and EP 1 539 115 (U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0202631), the contents of each of which applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In another embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a gelatin capsule containing a liquid, the compound as described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5, the gelatin capsule being surrounded by a composite wall comprising a barrier layer contacting the external surface of the gelatin capsule, an expandable layer contacting the barrier layer, a semi-permeable layer encompassing the expandable layer, and an exit orifice formed or formable in the wall. (Composition P.2)

In still another embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a gelatin capsule containing a liquid, the compound as described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5, the gelatin capsule being surrounded by a composite wall comprising a barrier layer contacting the external surface of the gelatin capsule, an expandable layer contacting the barrier layer, a semipermeable layer encompassing the expandable layer, and an exit orifice formed or formable in the wall, wherein the barrier layer forms a seal between the expandable layer and the environment at the exit orifice. (Composition P.3)

In still another embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a gelatin capsule containing a liquid, the compound as described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5, the gelatin capsule being surrounded by a barrier layer contacting the external surface of the gelatin capsule, an expandable layer contacting a portion of the barrier layer, a semi-permeable layer encompassing at least the expandable layer, and an exit orifice formed or formable in the dosage form extending from the external surface of the gelatin capsule to the environment of use. (Composition P.4). The expandable layer may be formed in one or more discrete sections, such as for example, two sections located on opposing sides or ends of the gelatin capsule.

In a particular embodiment of the seventh aspect, the compound in the Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System (i.e., in Composition P.1-P.4) is in a liquid formulation, which formulation may be neat, liquid active agent, liquid active agent in a solution, suspension, emulsion or self-emulsifying composition or the like.

Further information on Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System composition including characteristics of the gelatin capsule, barrier layer, an expandable layer, a semi-permeable layer; and orifice may be found in WO 2000/35419, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Other Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System useful for the compounds or the Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention may be found in EP 1 539 115 (U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0202631), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Therefore, in another embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention provides a composition or device comprising (a) two or more layers, said two or more layers comprising a first layer and a second layer, said first layer comprises the compound as described in any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5, or a Pharmaceutical Composition as herein before described said second layer comprises a polymer; (b) an outer wall surrounding said two or more layers; and (c) an orifice in said outer wall. (Composition P.5)

Composition P.5 preferably utilizes a semi-permeable membrane surrounding a three-layer-core: in these embodiments the first layer is referred to as a first drug layer and contains low amounts of drug (e.g., the compounds disclosed herein) and an osmotic agent such as salt, the middle layer referred to as the second drug layer contains higher amounts of drug, excipients and no salt; and the third layer referred to as the push layer contains osmotic agents and no drug. At least one orifice is drilled through the membrane on the first drug layer end of the capsule-shaped tablet. (Composition P.6)

Composition P.5 or P.6 may comprise a membrane defining a compartment, the membrane surrounding an inner protective subcoat, at least one exit orifice formed or formable therein and at least a portion of the membrane being semi-permeable; an expandable layer located within the compartment remote from the exit orifice and in fluid communication with the semi-permeable portion of the membrane; a first drug layer located adjacent the exit orifice; and a second drug layer located within the compartment between the first drug layer and the expandable layer, the drug layers comprising the compound of the Invention in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Depending upon the relative viscosity of the first drug layer and second drug layer, different release profiles are obtained. It is important to identify the optimum viscosity for each layer. In the present invention, viscosity is modulated by addition of salt, sodium chloride. The delivery profile from the core is dependent on the weight, formulation and thickness of each of the drug layers. (Composition P.7)

In a particular embodiment, the invention provides Composition P.7 wherein the first drug layer comprising salt and the second drug layer containing no salt. Composition P.5-P.7 may optionally comprise a flow-promoting layer between the membrane and the drug layers.

Compositions P.1-P.7 will generally be referred to as Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System Composition.

In the eighth aspect, the invention provides a method (Method I) for the treatment or prophylaxis of a central nervous system disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of:

-   -   8.1. a compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described;     -   8.2. a compound of Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae         2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as         hereinbefore described;     -   8.3. a compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as         hereinbefore described;     -   8.4. a compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as         hereinbefore described, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt form;     -   8.5. a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.1;     -   8.6. a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.2;     -   8.7. a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.3;     -   8.8. a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.4;     -   8.9. a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.5;     -   8.10. a Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae 6.1-6.5;         or     -   8.11. Composition of any of formulae P.1-P.7 as hereinbefore         described;

In a further embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention provides Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.11, wherein the method is further as described in the following formulae:

-   -   8.12. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.11, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is a disorder selected from a group         consisting of obesity, anxiety, depression (for example         refractory depression and MDD), psychosis, schizophrenia, sleep         disorders (particularly sleep disorders associated with         schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological diseases),         sexual disorders, migraine, conditions associated with cephalic         pain, social phobias, agitation in dementia (e.g., agitation in         Alzheimer's disease), agitation in autism and related autistic         disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction of         the gastrointestinal tract motility;     -   8.13. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.11, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is a disorder involving serotonin         5-HT₂A, dopamine D2 receptor system and/or serotonin reuptake         transporter (SERT) pathways as similarly described in         WO/2009/145900, the contents of which are herein incorporated by         reference in their entirety;     -   8.14. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.11, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is a disorder involving serotonin         reuptake transporter (SERT) pathways;     -   8.15. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.11, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is a disorder selected from the         following: (i) psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, in a patient         suffering from depression; (2) depression in a patient suffering         from psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia; (3) mood disorders         associated with psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia or Parkinson's         disease; and (4) sleep disorders associated with psychosis,         e.g., schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease; (5) depression; (6)         anxiety; (7) post-traumatic stress disorder; or (8) impulse         control disorder, e.g., intermittent explosive disorder, e.g.,         in patients suffering from psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia) or         dementia;     -   8.16. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.12, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is a disorder selected from the         following: (i) psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, in a patient         suffering from depression; (2) depression in a patient suffering         from psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia; (3) mood disorders         associated with psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia or Parkinson's         disease; and (4) sleep disorders associated with psychosis,         e.g., schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease;     -   8.17. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.13, wherein the central         nervous system disorder is psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia and         said patient is a patient suffering from depression;     -   8.18. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.16, wherein said patient         is unable to tolerate the side effects of convention         antipsychotic drugs, e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol         droperidol, fluphenazine, loxapine, mesoridazine molidone,         perphenazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine promazine,         thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, clozapine,         aripiparazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and         ziprasidone;     -   8.19. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.17, wherein said patient         is unable to tolerate the side effects of convention         antipsychotic drugs, e.g., haloperidol, aripiparazole,         clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and zipasidone;     -   8.20. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.18, wherein said         disorder is depression and said patient is a patient suffering         from psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, or Parkinson's disease;     -   8.21. Method I or any of Formulae 8.1-8.13, wherein said         disorder is sleep disorder and said patient is suffering from         depression;     -   8.22. Method I or any of 8.1-8.13, wherein said one or more         disorders is sleep disorder and said patient is suffering from         psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia;     -   8.23. Method I or any of 8.1-8.13, wherein said one or more         disorders is sleep disorder and said patient is suffering from         Parkinson's disease;     -   8.24. Method I or any of 8.1-8.13, wherein said one or more         disorders is sleep disorder and said patient is suffering from         depression and psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, or Parkinson's         disease.     -   8.25. Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the effective amount         is 1 mg-1000 mg, preferably 2.5 mg-50 mg, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, non-prodrug form, per day;     -   8.26. Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the effective amount         is lmg-100 mg per day, preferably 2.5 mg-50 mg, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, non-prodrug form, per day;     -   8.27. Any of the foregoing methods wherein a condition to be         treated is dyskinesia, e.g. in a patient receiving dopaminergic         medications, e.g., medications selected from levodopa and         levodopa adjuncts (carbidopa, COMT inhibitors, MAO-B         inhibitors), dopamine agonists, and anticholinergics, e.g.,         levodopa;     -   8.28. Any of the foregoing methods wherein the patient suffers         from Parkinson's disease;     -   8.29. Any of the foregoing methods wherein the patient does not         respond to a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, e.g.         selected from one or more of citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil,         Cipram, Dalsan, Recital, Emocal, Sepram, Seropram, Citox,         Cital); dapoxetine (Priligy); escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex,         Seroplex, Esertia); fluoxetine (Depex, Prozac, Fontex, Seromex,         Seronil, Sarafem, Ladose, Motivest, Flutop, Fluctin (EUR), Fluox         (NZ), Depress (UZB), Lovan (AUS), Prodep (IND)); fluvoxamine         (Luvox, Fevarin, Faverin, Dumyrox, Favoxil, Movox); indalpine         (Upstene); paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Sereupin, Aropax,         Deroxat, Divarius, Rexetin, Xetanor, Paroxat, Loxamine,         Deparoc); sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral, Serlain, Asentra);         vilazodone (Viibryd); or zimelidine (Zelmid, Normud).     -   8.30. Any of the foregoing methods wherein the patients is also         receiving a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, e.g.         selected from one or more of citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil,         Cipram, Dalsan, Recital, Emocal, Sepram, Seropram, Citox,         Cital); dapoxetine (Priligy); escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex,         Seroplex, Esertia); fluoxetine (Depex, Prozac, Fontex, Seromex,         Seronil, Sarafem, Ladose, Motivest, Flutop, Fluctin (EUR), Fluox         (NZ), Depress (UZB), Lovan (AUS), Prodep (IND)); fluvoxamine         (Luvox, Fevarin, Faverin, Dumyrox, Favoxil, Movox); indalpine         (Upstene); paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Sereupin, Aropax,         Deroxat, Divarius, Rexetin, Xetanor, Paroxat, Loxamine,         Deparoc); sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral, Serlain, Asentra);         vilazodone (Viibryd); or zimelidine (Zelmid, Normud).

In still another preferred embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention provides Method I or any of 8.1-8.30, wherein the Compounds or Compositions of the Invention as hereinbefore described are administered for controlled- and/or sustained-release of the active compounds of the invention over a period of from about 7 days, about 14 days, about 30 to about 180 days, preferably over the period of about 30, about 60 or about 90 days. Controlled- and/or sustained-release is particularly useful for circumventing premature discontinuation of therapy, particularly for antipsychotic drug therapy where non-compliance or non-adherence to medication regimes is a common occurrence.

In another embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention provides methods for the prophylaxis or treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g., disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and dementing illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as described in any of formulae 8.1-8.11 (Method III).

In a further embodiment, the invention provides Method III as follows:

-   -   8.31. Method III, wherein the disorders associated with dementia         are disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and         dementing illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's         disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia,         parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular         dementia;     -   8.32. Method III or 8.31, wherein the disorders associated with         dementia are disorders associated with senile dementia,         Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia,         parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular         dementia;     -   8.33. Method III or 8.31, wherein the disorders associated with         dementia are disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.34. Method III or 8.31, wherein the disorders associated with         dementia are disorders associated with mild cognition         impairment;     -   8.35. Method III or any of 8.31-8.34, wherein the disorder         associated dementia to be treated is selected from the group         consisting of (1) behavioral or mood disorders such as         agitation/irritation, aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger,         physical or emotional outbursts; (2) psychosis; (3) depression;         and (4) sleep disorders in patients suffering from dementia,         particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.36. Method III or any of 8.35-8.34, wherein the disorder to be         treated is psychosis in a patient with dementia, particularly         Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.37. Method III or any of 8.35-8.34, wherein the disorder to be         treated is depression in a patient with dementia, particularly         Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.38. Method III or any of 8.35-8.34, wherein the dosage of the         Compound of the invention is 10-100 mg, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, non-prodrug form, per day;     -   8.39. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is behavioral or mood disorders such as         agitation/irritation, aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger,         physical or emotional outbursts in a patient with dementia,         particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.40. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is sleep disorders in a patient with         dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.41. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is sleep maintenance insomnia, frequent         awakenings, and waking up feeling unrefreshed in a patient with         dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.42. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is sleep maintenance insomnia in a         patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.43. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is advanced sleep-phase syndrome in a         patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.44. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         disorder to be treated is delayed sleep-phase syndrome in a         patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease;     -   8.45. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         dosage of the Compound of the invention is 1-10 mg per day;     -   8.46. Method III or any of the formulae above, further comprises         administering one or more therapeutic agents useful for the         prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's         disease;     -   8.47. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         therapeutic agent useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of         dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease is a cholinesterase         inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) or an N-Methyl         D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt form;     -   8.48. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)         is selected from the group consisting of Tacrine, rivastigmine         (Exelon), donepezil (Aricept), and galantamine (Razadyne,         formerly called Reminyl)) in free or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt form;     -   8.49. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)         is donepezil in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form;     -   8.50. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the NMDA         receptor antagonist is memantine in free or pharmaceutically         acceptable salt form;     -   8.51. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the         therapeutic agent useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of         dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease is a combination of a         cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)         and an N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonist;     -   8.52. Method III or any of the formulae above, wherein the one         or more therapeutic agent(s) useful for the prophylaxis or         treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease or         symptoms thereof is a combination of donepezil and memantine in         free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

In the ninth aspect, the invention provides a method (Method II) for the prophylaxis or treatment one or more sleep disorders comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound as described in the following formulae:

-   -   9.1 a compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.37 as hereinbefore described;     -   9.2 a compound of Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae         2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as         hereinbefore described;     -   9.3 a compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as         hereinbefore described;     -   9.4 a compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as         hereinbefore described, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt form;     -   9.5 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.1;     -   9.6 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.2;     -   9.7 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.3;     -   9.8 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.4;     -   9.9 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.5;     -   9.10 a Pharmaceutical Composition of any of formulae 6.1-6.5; or     -   9.11 Composition of any of formulae P.1-P.7 as hereinbefore         described;

In a further embodiment of the ninth aspect, the invention provides Method II, 9.1-9.11, wherein the sleep disorder includes sleep maintenance insomnia, frequent awakenings, and waking up feeling unrefreshed;

-   -   9.12 Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the sleep disorder is         sleep maintenance insomnia;     -   9.13 Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the effective amount         is 1 mg-10 mg, e.g., 1 mg-5 mg, preferably 2.5-5 mg, in free or         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, non-prodrug form, per day;     -   9.14 Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the effective amount         is 2.5 mg or 5 mg, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt,         non-prodrug form, per day;     -   9.15 Any of the foregoing methods wherein the sleep disorder is         in a patient suffering from or at risk of dyskinesia, e.g., a         patient receiving dopaminergic medications, e.g., selected from         levodopa and levodopa adjuncts (carbidopa, COMT inhibitors,         MAO-B inhibitors), dopamine agonists, and anticholinergics,         e.g., receving levodopa;     -   9.16 Any of the foregoing methods wherein the patient suffers         from Parkinson's disease.

The compound of Formula Q as hereinbefore described and the compounds of the Invention, upon conversion to the compound of Formula Q, or the active compounds as hereinbefore described, provides effective treatment of 5-HT2A, SERT and/or D₂ receptor related disorders without or with minimal extrapyramidal side effects as similarly disclosed and claimed in WO 2009/145900, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Therefore, the compounds of the Invention, the Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention or the Depot formulation (Compositions of any of formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5) may be used in combination with a second therapeutic agent, particularly at lower dosages than when the individual agents are used as a monotherapy so as to enhance the therapeutic activities of the combined agents without causing the undesirable side effects commonly occur in conventional monotherapy. Therefore, the compounds of the Invention may be simultaneously, sequentially, or contemporaneously administered with other anti-depressant, anti-psychotic, other hypnotic agents, and/or agents use to treat Parkinson's disease or mood disorders. In another example, side effects may be reduced or minimized by administering an effective amount of a compound of the Invention in combination with one or more second therapeutic agents in free or salt form, wherein the dosages of (i) the second therapeutic agent(s) or (ii) both compound of the Invention and the second therapeutic agents, are lower than if the agents/compounds are administered as a monotherapy. In a particular embodiment, the compounds of the Invention are useful to treat dyskinesia in a patient receiving dopaminergic medications, e.g., selected from levodopa and levodopa adjuncts (carbidopa, COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors), dopamine agonists, and anticholinergics, e.g., such as are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Therefore, in the tenth aspect, the current invention provides Method I or III, e.g., or any of formulae 8.1-8.52, or Method II or any of 9.1-9.16, further comprises one or more therapeutic agents selected from compounds that modulate GABA activity (e.g., enhances the activity and facilitates GABA transmission), a GABA-B agonist, a 5-HT modulator (e.g., a 5-HTIa agonist, a 5-HT_(2A) antagonist, a 5-HT2a inverse agonist, etc.), a melatonin agonist, an ion channel modulator (e.g., blocker), a serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitor (SARIs), an orexin receptor antagonist, an H3 agonist or antagonist, a noradrenergic agonist or antagonist, a galanin agonist, a CRH antagonist, human growth hormone, a growth hormone agonist, estrogen, an estrogen agonist, a neurokinin-1 drug, an anti-depressant, and an antipsychotic agent, e.g., an atypical antipsychotic agent, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form (Method I-A, II-A, III-A, respectively).

In a further embodiment of the tenth aspect, the invention provides Method I-A, II-A or III-A as follows, further comprising one or more therapeutic agents.

-   -   10.1 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent(s)         is compounds that modulate GABA activity (e.g., enhances the         activity and facilitates GABA transmission);     -   10.2 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.1, wherein the GABA         compound is selected from a group consisting of one or more of         doxepin, alprazolam, bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam,         clorazepate, diazepam, flunitrazepam, fiurazepam, lorazepam,         midazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazapam, triazolam, indiplon,         zopiclone, eszopiclone, zaleplon, Zolpidem, gabaxadol,         vigabatrin, tiagabine, EVT 201 (Evotec Pharmaceuticals) and         estazolam;     -   10.3 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent is         an additional 5HT2a antagonist;     -   10.4 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.3, wherein said additional         5HT2a antagonist is selected from one or more of ketanserin,         risperidone, eplivanserin, volinanserin (Sanofi-Aventis,         France), pruvanserin, MDL 100907 (Sanofi-Aventis, France), HY         10275 (Eli Lilly), APD 125 (Arena Pharmaceuticals, San Diego,         Calif.), and AVE8488 (Sanofi-Aventis, France);     -   10.5 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent is         a melatonin agonist;     -   10.6 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.5, wherein the melatonin         agonist is selected from a group consisting of one or more of         melatonin, ramelteon (ROZEREM®, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Japan),         VEC-162 (Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, Md.), PD-6735 (Phase         II Discovery) and agomelatine;     -   10.7 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent is         an ion channel blocker;     -   10.8 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.7, wherein said ion channel         blocker is one or more of lamotrigine, gabapentin and         pregabalin.     -   10.9 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent is         an orexin receptor antagonist;     -   10.10 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.9, wherein the orexin         receptor antagonist is selected from a group consisting of         orexin, a 1,3-biarylurea, SB-334867-a (GlaxoSmithKline, UK),         GW649868 (GlaxoSmithKline) and a benzamide derivative;     -   10.11 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is the serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitor (SARI);     -   10.12 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.11, wherein the         serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitor (SARI) is selected         from a group consisting of one or more Org 50081         (Organon-Netherlands), ritanserin, nefazodone, serzone and         trazodone;     -   10.13 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is the 5HT1a agonist;     -   10.14 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.13, wherein the 5HT1a         agonist is selected from a group consisting of one or more of         repinotan, sarizotan, eptapirone, buspirone and MN-305         (MediciNova, San Diego, Calif.);     -   10.15 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is the neurokinin-1 drug;     -   10.16 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.15, wherein the         neurokinin-1 drug is Casopitant (GlaxoSmithKline);     -   10.17 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is an antipsychotic agent;     -   10.18 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.17, wherein the         antipsychotic agent is selected from a group consisting of         chlorpromazine, haloperidol, droperidol, fluphenazine, loxapine,         mesoridazine molidone, perphenazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine         promazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine,         clozapine, aripiparazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone,         ziprasidone and paliperidone;     -   10.19 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is an anti-depressant;     -   10.20 Method I-A, II-A or III-A or 10.19, wherein the         anti-depressant is selected from amitriptyline, amoxapine,         bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin,         duloxetine, escitaloprame, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine,         isocarboxazid, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone,         nortriptyline, paroxetine, phenlzine sulfate, protiptyline,         sertraline, tranylcypromine, trazodone, trimipramine, and         velafaxine;     -   10.21 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, 10.17 or 10.18, wherein the         antipsychotic agent is an atypical antipsychotic agent;     -   10.22 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, or any of 10.17-10.21, wherein         the atypical antipsychotic agent is selected from a group         consisting of clozapine, aripiparazole, olanzapine, quetiapine,         risperidone, ziprasidone, and paliperidone;     -   10.23 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is selected from any of methods 10.1-10.22, e.g., selected from         a group consisting of modafinil, armodafinil, doxepin,         alprazolam, bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate,         diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, midazolam,         nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazapam, triazolam, indiplon, zopiclone,         eszopiclone, zaleplon, Zolpidem, gabaxadol, vigabatrin,         tiagabine, EVT 201 (Evotec Pharmaceuticals), estazolam,         ketanserin, risperidone, eplivanserin, volinanserin         (Sanofi-Aventis, France), pruvanserin, MDL 100907         (Sanofi-Aventis, France), HY 10275 (Eli Lilly), APD 125 (Arena         Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.), AVE8488 (Sanofi-Aventis,         France), repinotan, sarizotan, eptapirone, buspirone, MN-305         (MediciNova, San Diego, Calif.), melatonin, ramelteon (ROZEREM®,         Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Japan), VEC-162 (Vanda Pharmaceuticals,         Rockville, Md.), PD-6735 (Phase II Discovery), agomelatine,         lamotrigine, gabapentin, pregabalin, orexin, a 1,3-biarylurea,         SB-334867-a (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), GW649868 (GlaxoSmithKline), a         benzamide derivative, Org 50081 (Organon-Netherlands),         ritanserin, nefazodone, serzone, trazodone, Casopitant         (GlaxoSmithKline), amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion,         citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, duloxetine,         escitaloprame, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine,         isocarboxazid, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone,         nortriptyline, paroxetine, phenlzine sulfate, protiptyline,         sertraline, tranylcypromine, trazodone, trimipramine,         velafaxine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, droperidol,         fluphenazine, loxapine, mesoridazine molidone, perphenazine,         pimozide, prochlorperazine promazine, thioridazine, thiothixene,         trifluoperazine, clozapine, aripiparazole, olanzapine,         quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone and paliperidone;     -   10.24 Method I-A, II-A or III-A wherein the therapeutic agent is         an H3 agonist;     -   10.25 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is an H3 antagonist;     -   10.26 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a noradrenergic agonist or antagonist;     -   10.27 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a galanin agonist;     -   10.28 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a CRH antagonist;     -   10.29 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a human growth hormone;     -   10.30 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a growth hormone agonist;     -   10.31 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is estrogen;     -   10.32 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is an estrogen agonist;     -   10.33 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the therapeutic agent         is a neurokinin-1 drug;     -   10.34 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein a therapeutic agent is         combined with compounds of Formula (I) and the therapeutic agent         is an anti-Parkinson agent such as L-dopa, co-careldopa,         duodopa, stalova, Symmetrel, benzotropine, biperiden,         bromocryiptine, entacapone, pergolide, pramipexole,         procyclidine, ropinirole, selegiline and tolcapone;     -   10.35 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein compounds of the         invention may be used to treat sleep disorders, depression,         pyschosis, or any combinations thereof, in patients suffering         from the listed diseases and/or Parkinson's disease;     -   10.36 Method I-A, II-A or III-A, wherein the disorder is         selected from at least one or more of psychosis, e.g.,         schizophrenia, depression, mood disorders, sleep disorders         (e.g., sleep maintenance and/or sleep onset) or any combination         of disorders thereof;     -   10.37 Any of the foregoing methods wherein the disorder is sleep         disorder;     -   10.38 Any of the foregoing methods, wherein the disorder is         sleep disorder associated with psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia or         Parkinson's disease; in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt         form.

In the eleventh aspect of the invention, the combination of a compound of the Invention and one or more second therapeutic agents as described in Method I-A, II-A or III-A or any of 10.1-10.38, may be administered as a Pharmaceutical Composition or a Depot Composition as hereinbefore described. The combination compositions can include mixtures of the combined drugs, as well as two or more separate compositions of the drugs, which individual compositions can be, for example, co-administered together to a patient.

In a particular embodiment, Method I-A, II-A or III-A, or any of 10.1-10.38 comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount a compound of the Invention in combination with an atypical antipsychotic agent, e.g., a compound selected from clozapine, aripiparazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, or paliperidone, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for example wherein the dosage of the atypical antipsychotic agent is reduced and/or side effects are reduced.

In another embodiment, Method I-A, II-A or III-A, or any of 10.1-10.38 comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of the Invention in combination with an anti-depressant, e.g., amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, escitaloprame, fluoxetine, fiuvoxamine, imipramine, isocarboxazid, maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phenlzine sulfate, protiptyline, sertraline, tranylcypromine, trazodone, trimipramine, or velafaxine, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. Alternatively, the anti-depressant may be used as an adjunct medication in addition to the compound of the Invention.

In still another embodiment, Method I-A, II-A or III-A or any of 10.1-10.38 comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of the Invention in combination with a compound that modulates GABA activity, e.g., a compound selected from doxepin, alprazolam, bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazapam, triazolam, indiplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone, zaleplon, Zolpidem, gabaxadol, vigabatrin, tiagabine, EVT 201 (Evotec Pharmaceuticals), estazolam or any combinations thereof, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

In another preferred embodiment, Method I-A, II-A or III-A or any of 10.1-10.38 comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of the Invention in combination with doxepin in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. Dosages of doxepin can vary in any range known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. In one example, a 10 mg dose of doxepin may be combined with any dosage of a compound of the Invention.

In another embodiment, Method I-A, II-A or III-A or any of 10.1-10.38 comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of the Invention in combination (including as part of a daily dosage regimen) with an atypical stimulant, e.g., a modafinil, adrafinil, or armodafinil. A regimin incorporating a compound of the Invention with such drugs promotes more regular sleep, and avoids side effects such as psychosis or mania associated with higher levels of such drugs, e.g., in the treatment of bipolar depression, cognition associated with schizophrenia, and excessive sleepiness and fatigue in conditions such as Parkinson's disease and cancer.

In the twelfth aspect, the invention provides use of a compound as described in the following formulae:

-   -   12.1 a compound of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae         1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described;     -   12.2 a compound of Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae         2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as         hereinbefore described;     -   12.3 a compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as         hereinbefore described;     -   12.4 a compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as         hereinbefore described, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt form;     -   12.5 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.1;     -   12.6 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.2;     -   12.7 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.3;     -   12.8 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.4;     -   12.9 a Pharmaceutical Composition as described in formula 5.5;     -   12.10 a Depot Composition of any of formulae 6.1-6.5; or     -   12.11 Composition of any of formulae P.1-P.7 as hereinbefore         described;         (in the manufacture of a medicament) for the treatment or         prophylaxis of one or more disorders as disclosed hereinbefore,         e.g., in any of Method I or III, any of 8.1-8.52, Method II, any         of 9.1-9.16, Methods I-A, II-A or III-A, any of 10.1-10.38.

In the thirteenth aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition as hereinbefore described for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of one or more disorders as disclosed hereinbefore, e.g., in any of Method I or III, any of 8.1-8.52, Method II, any of 9.1-9.16, Methods I-A, II-A or III-A, any of 10.1-10.38, or any methods described in the eleventh or twelfth aspect of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

If not otherwise specified or clear from context, the following terms as used herein have the following meetings:

-   -   a. “Alkyl” as used herein is a saturated or unsaturated         hydrocarbon moiety, e.g., one to twenty-four carbon atoms in         length, which may be linear or branched (e.g., n-butyl or         tert-butyl), preferably linear, saturated or unsaturated unless         otherwise specified. For example, “C₁₋₂₄ alkyl” denotes alkyl         having 1 to 24 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, alkyl is         optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy or C₁₋₂₂alkoxy         (e.g., ethoxy) groups. In another embodiment, alkyl contains 1         to 24 carbon atoms, preferably straight chain and optionally         saturated or unsaturated, for example R₁ is an alkyl chain         containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, e.g., 6-15 carbon atoms, 16-24         carbon atoms, e.g., so that together with the —C(O)— to which it         attaches, e.g., when cleaved from the compound, forms the         residue of a natural or unnatural, saturated or unsaturated         fatty acid. In still another embodiment, alkyl contains 1 to 6         carbon atoms.

Unless otherwise indicated, the compounds of the Invention includes the compounds of Formula I, I(a), I(b) or any of formulae 1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described, Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae 2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; or a compound of Formula III or any of formulae 3.1-3.19 as hereinbefore described; and a compound of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as hereinbefore described, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In certain embodiment, e.g., depot formulation, the compound of Formula Q is also included in the compounds of the invention.

The compounds of Formula II, II(a), II(b) or any of formulae 2.1-2.31 and the compounds of Formula IV or any of formulae 4.1-4.4 as hereinbefore described, may exist in free or salt, e.g., as acid addition salt, form. An acid-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for example, an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, acid acetic, trifluoroacetic, citric, maleic acid, toluene sulfonic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic acid, and the like. In addition a salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently acidic is an alkali metal salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically-acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine. In a particular embodiment, the salt of the compounds of the Invention is a toluenesulfonic acid addition salt. In another particular embodiment, the salt of the compounds of the Invention is a fumeric acid addition salt. In a particular embodiment, the salt of the compounds of the Invention is a phosphoric acid addition salt.

The compounds of the Invention are intended for use as pharmaceuticals, therefore pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred. Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses may be useful, for example, for the isolation or purification of free compounds of the Invention, and are therefore also included.

The compounds of the Invention may comprise one or more chiral carbon atoms. The compounds thus exist in individual isomeric, e.g., enantiomeric or diasteriomeric form or as mixtures of individual forms, e.g., racemic/diastereomeric mixtures. Any isomer may be present in which the asymmetric center is in the (R)-, (S)-, or (R,S)-configuration. The invention is to be understood as embracing both individual optically active isomers as well as mixtures (e.g., racemic/diasteromeric mixtures) thereof. Accordingly, the compounds of the Invention may be a racemic mixture or it may be predominantly, e.g., in pure, or substantially pure, isomeric form, e.g., greater than 70% enantiomeric/diastereomeric excess (“ee”), preferably greater than 80% ee, more preferably greater than 90% ee, most preferably greater than 95% ee. The purification of said isomers and the separation of said isomeric mixtures may be accomplished by standard techniques known in the art (e.g., column chromatography, preparative TLC, preparative HPLC, simulated moving bed and the like).

Geometric isomers by nature of substituents about a double bond or a ring may be present in cis (Z) or trans (E) form, and both isomeric forms are encompassed within the scope of this invention.

The Compounds of the Invention exist in prodrug form. The term “prodrug” is an art recognized term and refers to a drug precursor prior to administration, but generates or releases the active metabolite in vivo following administration, via some chemical or physiological process. For example, the compounds of Formula I et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(C₁₋₆alkyl)- or —O—; Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—; and R⁴ is H. The compounds of Formula II et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—; Y is —C(O)—, —O— or —C(H)(OR⁴)—; and R⁴ is H. The compounds of Formula III et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein X is —N(H)—, —N(Cl-4alkyl)- or —O—; R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl); and R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H, provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not both H. The compounds of Formula IV et seq. will be cleaved to release the active compound:

wherein R¹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl (e.g., methyl); R² is H or OR³ wherein R³ is H; provided that R¹ and R² are not both H, and R¹ and R³ are not both H.

The prodrug compounds of the Invention are particularly useful for sustained- and/or delayed release so as to achieve a long acting effect, e.g., wherein the active compounds as hereinbefore described or the active compound of Formula Q are released over a period of from about 7 to about 14 to about 30 to about 180 days, preferably over about 30 or about 60 or about 90 days, for example as described in any of formulae 6.1-6.5 or 5.1-5.5 which comprises a viscosity enhancing agent as discussed above. Preferably, the sustained and/or delayed-release formulation is an injectable formulation.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the compounds of the Invention and the Compound of Formula Q may be included as a depot formulation, e.g., by dispersing, dissolving or encapsulating the compounds of the Invention in a polymeric matrix as described in any of composition 6.1-6.5, such that the compound is continually released as the polymer degrades over time. The release of the compounds of the Invention or the Compound of Formula Q from the polymeric matrix provides for the controlled- and/or delayed- and/or sustained-release of the compounds, e.g., from the pharmaceutical depot composition, into a subject, for example a warm-blooded animal such as man, to which the pharmaceutical depot is administered. Thus, the pharmaceutical depot delivers the active compounds described hereinbefore or the Compound of Formula Q to the subject at concentrations effective for treatment of the particular disease or medical condition over a sustained period of time, e.g., 7-180 days, preferably about 7 or about 14 or about 30, about 60 or about 90 days.

Polymers useful for the polymeric matrix in the Composition of the Invention (e.g., Depot composition of any of Formulae 6.1-6.5) may include a polyester of a hydroxyfatty acid and derivatives thereof or other agents such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycitric acid, polymalic acid, poly-beta.-hydroxybutyric acid, epsilon.-capro-lactone ring opening polymer, lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid-polyethyleneglycol copolymer or polyglycolic acid-polyethyleneglycol copolymer), a polymer of an alkyl alpha-cyanoacrylate (for example poly(butyl 2-cyanoacrylate)), a polyalkylene oxalate (for example polytrimethylene oxalate or polytetramethylene oxalate), a polyortho ester, a polycarbonate (for example polyethylene carbonate or polyethylenepropylene carbonate), a polyortho-carbonate, a polyamino acid (for example poly-gamma.-L-alanine, poly-.gamma.-benzyl-L-glutamic acid or poly-y-methyl-L-glutamic acid), a hyaluronic acid ester, and the like, and one or more of these polymers can be used.

If the polymers are copolymers, they may be any of random, block and/or graft copolymers. When the above alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids and hydroxytricarboxylic acids have optical activity in their molecules, any one of D-isomers, L-isomers and/or DL-isomers may be used. Among others, alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid polymer (preferably lactic acid-glycolic acid polymer), its ester, poly-alpha-cyanoacrylic acid esters, etc. may be used, and lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (also referred to as poly(lactide-alpha-glycolide) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and hereinafter referred to as PLGA) are preferred. Thus, in one aspect the polymer useful for the polymeric matrix is PLGA. As used herein, the term PLGA includes polymers of lactic acid (also referred to as polylactide, poly(lactic acid), or PLA). Most preferably, the polymer is the biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric matrix of the invention is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric material. The term “biocompatible” is defined as a polymeric material that is not toxic, is not carcinogenic, and does not significantly induce inflammation in body tissues. The matrix material should be biodegradable wherein the polymeric material should degrade by bodily processes to products readily disposable by the body and should not accumulate in the body. The products of the biodegradation should also be biocompatible with the body in that the polymeric matrix is biocompatible with the body. Particular useful examples of polymeric matrix materials include poly(glycolic acid), poly-D,L-lactic acid, poly-L-lactic acid, copolymers of the foregoing, poly(aliphatic carboxylic acids), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactone, polydioxonone, poly(ortho carbonates), poly(acetals), poly(lactic acid-caprolactone), polyorthoesters, poly(glycolic acid-caprolactone), polyanhydrides, and natural polymers including albumin, casein, and waxes, such as, glycerol mono- and distearate, and the like. The preferred polymer for use in the practice of this invention is dl(polylactide-co-glycolide). It is preferred that the molar ratio of lactide to glycolide in such a copolymer be in the range of from about 75:25 to 50:50.

Useful PLGA polymers may have a weight-average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to 500,000 daltons, preferably about 150,000 daltons. Dependent on the rate of degradation to be achieved, different molecular weight of polymers may be used. For a diffusional mechanism of drug release, the polymer should remain intact until all of the drug is released from the polymeric matrix and then degrade. The drug can also be released from the polymeric matrix as the polymeric excipient bioerodes.

The PLGA may be prepared by any conventional method, or may be commercially available. For example, PLGA can be produced by ring-opening polymerisation with a suitable catalyst from cyclic lactide, glycolide, etc. (see EP-0058481B2; Effects of polymerization variables on PLGA properties: molecular weight, composition and chain structure).

It is believed that PLGA is biodegradable by means of the degradation of the entire solid polymer composition, due to the break-down of hydrolysable and enzymatically cleavable ester linkages under biological conditions (for example in the presence of water and biological enzymes found in tissues of warm-blooded animals such as humans) to form lactic acid and glycolic acid. Both lactic acid and glycolic acid are water-soluble, non-toxic products of normal metabolism, which may further biodegrade to form carbon dioxide and water. In other words, PLGA is believed to degrade by means of hydrolysis of its ester groups in the presence of water, for example in the body of a warm-blooded animal such as man, to produce lactic acid and glycolic acid and create the acidic microclimate. Lactic and glycolic acid are by-products of various metabolic pathways in the body of a warm-blooded animal such as man under normal physiological conditions and therefore are well tolerated and produce minimal systemic toxicity.

In another embodiment, the polymeric matrix useful for the invention may comprise a star polymer wherein the structure of the polyester is star-shaped. These polyesters have a single polyol residue as a central moiety surrounded by acid residue chains. The polyol moiety may be, e. g., glucose or, e. g., mannitol. These esters are known and described in GB 2,145,422 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,739, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.

The star polymers may be prepared using polyhydroxy compounds, e. g., polyol, e. g., glucose or mannitol as the initiator. The polyol contains at least 3 hydroxy groups and has a molecular weight of up to about 20,000 Daltons, with at least 1, preferably at least 2, e. g., as a mean 3 of the hydroxy groups of the polyol being in the form of ester groups, which contain polylactide or co-polylactide chains. The branched polyesters, e. g., poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) have a central glucose moiety having rays of linear polylactide chains.

The depot composition of the invention (e.g., compositions of any of formulae 6.1-6.5) as hereinbefore described may comprise the polymer in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles, or in a liquid form, with the compounds of the Invention dispersed or encapsulated therein. “Microparticles” is meant solid particles that contain the compounds of the Invention either in solution or in solid form wherein such compound is dispersed or dissolved within the polymer that serves as the matrix of the particle. By an appropriate selection of polymeric materials, a microparticle formulation can be made in which the resulting microparticles exhibit both diffusional release and biodegradation release properties.

When the polymer is in the form of microparticles, the microparticles may be prepared using any appropriate method, such as by a solvent evaporation or solvent extraction method. For example, in the solvent evaporation method, the compounds of the Invention and the polymer may be dissolved in a volatile organic solvent (for example a ketone such as acetone, a halogenated hydrocarbon such as chloroform or methylene chloride, a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic ether such as dioxane, an ester such as ethyl acetate, a nitrile such as acetonitrile, or an alcohol such as ethanol) and dispersed in an aqueous phase containing a suitable emulsion stabiliser (for example polyvinyl alcohol, PVA). The organic solvent is then evaporated to provide microparticles with the compounds of the Invention encapsulated therein. In the solvent extraction method, the compounds of the Invention and polymer may be dissolved in a polar solvent (such as acetonitrile, dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate or methyl formate) and then dispersed in an aqueous phase (such as a water/PVA solution). An emulsion is produced to provide microparticles with the compounds of the Invention encapsulated therein. Spray drying is an alternative manufacturing technique for preparing the microparticles.

Another method for preparing the microparticles of the invention is also described in both U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,389,330 and 4,530,840.

The microparticle of the present invention can be prepared by any method capable of producing microparticles in a size range acceptable for use in an injectable composition. One preferred method of preparation is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,330. In this method the active agent is dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent. To the agent-containing medium is added the polymeric matrix material in an amount relative to the active ingredient that provides a product having the desired loading of active agent. Optionally, all of the ingredients of the microparticle product can be blended in the solvent medium together.

Solvents for the compounds of the Invention or the compound of Formula Q and the polymeric matrix material that can be employed in the practice of the present invention include organic solvents, such as acetone; halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and the like; aromatic hydrocarbon compounds; halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds; cyclic ethers; alcohols, such as, benzyl alcohol; ethyl acetate; and the like. In one embodiment, the solvent for use in the practice of the present invention may be a mixture of benzyl alcohol and ethyl acetate. Further information for the preparation of microparticles useful for the invention can be found in U.S. Patent Publication Number 2008/0069885, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The amount of the compounds of the Invention or the compounds of Formula Q incorporated in the microparticles usually ranges from about 1 wt % to about 90 wt. %, preferably 30 to 50 wt. %, more preferably 35 to 40 wt. %. By weight % is meant parts of the compounds of the Invention per total weight of microparticle.

The pharmaceutical depot may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier, such as a water miscible diluent or carrier.

Details of Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System composition may be found in EP 1 539 115 (U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0202631) and WO 2000/35419, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

A “therapeutically effective amount” is any amount of the compounds of the invention (for example as contained in the pharmaceutical depot) which, when administered to a subject suffering from a disease or disorder, is effective to cause a reduction, remission, or regression of the disease or disorder over the period of time as intended for the treatment.

Dosages employed in practicing the present invention will of course vary depending, e.g. on the particular disease or condition to be treated, the particular compound of the Invention used, the mode of administration, and the therapy desired. Unless otherwise indicated, an amount of the compound of the Invention for administration (whether administered as a free base or as a salt form) refers to or is based on the amount of the active drug compound in free base form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form (i.e., the calculation of the amount is based on the free base amount or pharmaceutically acceptable salt amount and in a non-prodrug form). Therefore, the dosage is based on the amount of the compound of Formula Q, wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O), in free base form and non-prodrug form (i.e., wherein the prodrug, e.g., substituent R⁵ of Formula II or the group —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸ on the quarternary ammonium nitrogen of Formula I, is cleaved off wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O)). In another embodiment, the dosage is based on the amount of the compound of Formula Q, wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O), in pharmaceutically acceptable salt and non-prodrug form (i.e., wherein the prodrug, e.g., substituent R⁵ of Formula II or the group —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) or —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸ on the quarternary ammonium nitrogen of Formula I, is cleaved off wherein X is —N(CH₃)— and Y is —C(═O)).

The compounds of the Invention may be administered by any satisfactory route, including orally, parenterally (intravenously, intramuscular or subcutaneous) or transdermally, but are preferably administered orally. In certain embodiment, the compounds of the Invention, e.g., in depot formulation (e.g., formulae 5.1-5.5 or 6.1-6.5), is preferably administered parenterally, e.g., by injection.

In general, satisfactory results for Method I or III or any of formulae 8.1-8.52 or use of the compounds of the Invention or the compounds of Formula Q as hereinbefore described, e.g. for the treatment of a combination of diseases such as a combination of at least depression, psychosis, e.g., (1) psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, in a patient suffering from depression; (2) depression in a patient suffering from psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia; (3) mood disorders associated with psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, or Parkinson's disease; and (4) sleep disorders associated with psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia, or Parkinson's disease, as set forth above are indicated to be obtained on oral administration at dosages of the order from about 1 mg to 100 mg once daily, preferably 2.5 mg-50 mg, e.g., 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg or 50 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form, once daily, preferably via oral administration. Preferably, the daily dosage is 20 mg-40 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form. For example, the method of treating schizophrenia or dementia (e.g., in Methods I and III) comprises a daily dosage of 20-40 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form.

Satisfactory results for Method II or any of 9.1-9.15, or use of the compounds of the Invention or compounds or Formula Q as hereinbefore described, e.g. for the treatment of sleep disorder alone are indicated to be obtained on oral administration at dosages of the order from about 2.5 mg-5 mg, e.g., 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg or 5 mg, of a compound of the Invention, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, once daily, preferably via oral administration.

Satisfactory results for Method I-A or any of 10.1-10.38 are indicated to be obtained at less than 100 mg, preferably less than 50 mg, e.g., less than 40 mg, less than 30 mg, less than 20 mg, less than 10 mg, less than 5 mg, less than 2.5 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form, once daily. Satisfactory results for Method II-A or any of 10.1-10.38 are indicated to be obtained at less than 5 mg, preferably less than 2.5 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form.

For treatment of the disorders disclosed herein wherein the depot composition is used to achieve longer duration of action, the dosages will be higher relative to the shorter action composition, e.g., higher than 1-100 mg, e.g., 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg, or greater than 1000 mg in free base or pharmaceutically acceptable, non-prodrug form. For example, for the treatment of psychosis, schizophrenia or dementia (Methods I or III), the weekly biweekly and monthly dosages may be about 100 mg-300 mg (e.g., 140 mg-160 mg), about 250 mg-600 mg (e.g., 280-300 mg) and about 500-1,240 mg (e.g., 600 mg-620 mg) of the compound of the invention based on the free base or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and non-prodrug form. Duration of action of the compounds of the Invention may be controlled by manipulation of the polymer composition, i.e., the polymer:drug ratio and microparticle size. Wherein the composition of the invention is a depot composition, administration by injection is preferred.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the Invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Further details for the preparation of these salts, e.g., toluenesulfonic salt in amorphous or crystal form, may be found in PCT/US08/03340 and/or U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 61/036,069.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the Invention may be prepared using conventional diluents or excipients (an example include, but is not limited to sesame oil) and techniques known in the galenic art. Thus oral dosage forms may include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions and the like.

Methods of Making the Compounds of the Invention:

The compounds of Formulae I, I(a), I(b) and 1.1-1.38 as hereinbefore described may be prepared by reacting the compound of Formula A, wherein X and Y are defined in any of Formulae I, I(a), I(b) or 1.1-1.37:

with L-C(R⁶)(R⁷)—OC(O)—R⁸ wherein L is a leaving group such as halo, preferably iodo and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined in any of Formulae I, I(a), I(b) or 1.1-1.38, preferably R⁶ and R⁷ are H and R⁸ is C₉alkyl. L-C(R⁶)(R⁷)—OC(O)—R⁸, in turn, may be prepared by reacting Cl—C(O)—R⁸ with zinc chloride and paraformaldehyde followed by reacting the resulting Cl— L-C(R⁶)(R⁷)—OC(O)—R⁸ with sodium iodide. R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined in any of Formulae I, I(a), I(b) or 1.1-1.38, preferably R² and R³ are H and R¹ is C₉alkyl.

The compounds of Formulae II, II(a), II(b) and 2.1-2.31, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as hereinbefore described may be prepared by reacting the compound of Formula B:

wherein Y is as defined in any of Formulae II, II(a), II(b) or 2.1-2.31, with triphosgene and a base (e.g., pyridine) in a solvent such as dichloromethane. The resulting chloride-carbonyl derivative of Formula B may then be reacted with HO—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)) to produce the compounds of any of Formulae II, II(a), II(b) or 2.1-2.31, wherein R⁵ is —C(O)—O—C(R^(a))(R^(b))(R^(c)).

The compounds of Formulae II, II(a), II(b) and 2.1-2.31, wherein R⁵ is —C(R⁶)(R⁷)—O—C(O)—R⁸, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form may be prepared by reacting the compound of Formula B with L-C(R⁶)(R⁷)—OC(O)—R⁸ wherein L is a leaving group such as halo (e.g., iodo) and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁵ are as defined in any of Formulae II, II(a), II(b) and 2.1-2.31.

The compounds of Formula A and Formula B may be prepared by methods disclosed in any of U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,722, WO 2011/133224, WO 2008/112280; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,493; 7,238,690; 6,552,017; 6,713,471; 7,183,282; U.S. RE39680, and U.S. RE39679, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The compounds of Formula III and 3.1-3.19 wherein R² is —OR³ and R³ is H as hereinbefore described may be may be prepared by reacting Formula C with a Grignard reagent, R¹—MgX² wherein X² is halide, e.g., bromide or chloride, preferably bromide, R¹ and X are defined in Formula III, e.g., R¹ is methyl and X is for example N(CH₃), e.g., in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran. The reaction may be summarized in the reaction scheme below:

The Compound of Formula III, wherein R² is —OR³ wherein R³ is C₁₋₆alkyl may be prepared by reacting Formula D with R³—OH and BF₃.OEt wherein R³ is C₁₋₆alkyl. The reaction may be summarized in the reaction scheme below:

The compounds of formulae III and IV may be prepared by using the compounds of Formula D and Formula E wherein X, R¹ and R³ are as defined in any of Formulae III, and IV and the procedures described for Formula I, I(a), I(b) and II, II(a) and II(b).

Isolation or purification of the disastereomers of the compounds of the Invention may be achieved by conventional methods known in the art, e.g., column purification, preparative thin layer chromatography, preparative HPLC, crystallization, trituration, simulated moving beds and the like.

Salts of the compounds of the Invention such as Compounds of Formula II and IV may be prepared as similarly described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,493; 7,238,690; 6,552,017; 6,713,471; 7,183,282; U.S. RE39680; U.S. RE39679; and WO 2009/114181, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

General analytical UPLC methods for the determination of compound purity

Waters ACQUITY UPLC system: ACQUITY HSS T3 column, 50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 am, 25° C.; mobile phase A, 0.1% formic acid in water/acetonitrile (95/5); mobile phase B, 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile; gradient, 0.0-3.0 min, 5-95% B; 3.0-4.0 min, 95% B; 4.0-5.0 min, 95-5% B; flow rate 0.3 mL/min; detection at 210-400 nm. General preparative HPLC methods for compound purification All products are purified with a Waters semi-preparative HPLC system, which is equipped with a Delta 600EF pump and a 996 PDA detector. Column: Gemini, AXIA packed, 10 μm C18 110 Å, 250×21.2 mm; mobile phase A, 0.1% formic acid in water; mobile phase B, acetonitrile; gradient is adjusted and optimized based on compound polarity; HPLC run time was 22 min; flow rate was 23.8 mL/min; detection was at 210-350 nm.

Example 1—Synthesis of (6bR,10aS)-8-Decanoyloxymethyl-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,01a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate

To a solution of decanoyl chloride (1.63 mL 4.2 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (126 mg) in acetone (6 mL) is added zinc chloride. The reaction mixture is stirred at 65° C. overnight. Sodium iodide (1.9 g, 12.6 mmol) is added into the reaction mixture, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered and acetone is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is treated with hexanes, and then filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness under vacuum to give the crude iodomethyl decanoate, which is used in the next step without further purification.

To a solution of the 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrroll[,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one (27 mg, 0.065 mmol) in methylene chloride (250 uL) is added the crude iodomethyl decanoate (32 mg, 0.10 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 days, and then purified with a semi-preparative HPLC (Gemini column, AXIA packed, 10 mm C18 110 Å, 250′21.2 mm; mobile phase A, 0.1% formic acid in water; mobile phase B, 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile; gradient is adjusted and optimized based on compound polarity; run time 22 min; flow rate 24 mL/min; detection at 210-350 nm) to give (6bR,10aS)-8-Decanoyloxymethyl-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate. ESI-MS (m/z, positive mode): 578.4.

Alternatively, the compound of Example 1 may be prepared as follows: To a solution of the 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one (50.8 mg, 0.13 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.5 mL) is added chloromethyl decanoate (32.7 mg, 0.14 mmol), followed by adding NaI (61 mg, 0.41 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature over a weekend, and then filtered. The obtained filtrate is purified with a semi-preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0-48% B (gradient curve 4) to give (6bR,10aS)-8-decanoyloxymethyl-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate (20 mg, 25% yield). UPLC retention time: 3.29 min. ESI-MS (m/z, positive mode): 578.3.

Example 1B—Synthesis of (6bR,10aS)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-8-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate

To a solution of the 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one (48.0 mg, 0.12 mmol) in acetonitrile (2.0 mL) is added chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (25.0 mg, 0.16 mmol), followed by adding NaI (60.0 mg, 0.40 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature over a weekend, and then filtered. The obtained filtrate is purified with a semi-preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0-35% B (gradient curve 4) to give (6bR,10aS)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-8-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate (50 mg, 75% yield). UPLC retention time: 2.49 min. ESI-MS (m/z, positive mode): 510.3.

Example 1C—Synthesis of (6bR,10aS)-8-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyloxymethyl)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate

To a solution of the 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one (49.0 mg, 0.12 mmol) in acetonitrile (3.0 mL) is added chloromethyl pivalate (19 μL, 0.12 mmol), followed by adding NaI (50.0 mg, 0.33 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight, and then filtered. The obtained filtrate is purified with a semi-preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0-35% B (gradient curve 4) to give (6bR,10aS)-8-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyloxymethyl)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate. UPLC retention time: 2.48 min. ESI-MS (m/z, positive mode): 508.3.

Example 1D—Synthesis of (6bR,10aS)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-8-hexylcarbamoyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-1H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate

A solution of chloromethyl carbonochloridate (1.0 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) is cooled to −10° C., and then a solution of hexan-1-amine (1.3 mL) and pyridine (0.9 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is gradually warmed up to room temperature and then stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The mixture is washed with HCl (1N, 5.0 mL), H₂O (20 mL) and Saturated NaHCO₃(5.0 mL), successively, and then dried over MgSO₄. After the solvents are removed, the obtained crude chloromethyl hexylcarbamate is used directly in the next step without further purification.

To a solution of the 4-((6bR,10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10 Oa-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one (54 mg, 0.14 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) is added crude chloromethyl hexylcarbamate (86 mg, 0.41 mmol), followed by adding NaI (65 mg, 0.41 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight, and then filtered. The obtained filtrate is purified with a semi-preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0-30% B (gradient curve 4) to give (6bR,10aS)-8-[4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyl]-8-hexylcarbamoyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,3,6b,7,8,8,9,10,11a-octahydro-H-pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-ium formate. UPLC retention time: 2.04 min. ESI-MS (m/z, positive mode): 551.3.

Example 2—Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Prodrugs in Rats

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Prodrugs may be carried as described or similarly described below or in WO 2011/084846, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Animals: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 24 rats) may be used in each study. Rats may be housed 2 per cage with ad libitum chow and water. Environmental conditions in the housing room may be 64-67° F., 30% to 70% relative humidity, and 12:12-h light:dark cycle.

Test Compounds: An amount of each test compound may be suspended in the vehicle to yield a suspension comprising the equivalent of 3 mg of the compound in free base and non-prodrug form, in 0.3 mL.

Pharmacokinetics study: Rats may be dosed IM by means of a 23 gauge, 1 in. needle with 1 cc syringe. 0.3 mL suspension may be withdrawn from the vial containing the test compound. The rat may be injected in the muscles of the hind limb after anesthesia with isotlourane. Blood samples may be collected via a lateral tail vein after brief anesthesia with isoflourane. A 2712G needle and 1 cc syringe without an anticoagulant may be used for the blood collection. Approximately 250 μL of whole blood may be collected at each sampling time point of 6 hours, 24 hours and 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 days after administration. Approximately 450 μL of whole blood may be collected at sampling time points of 21, 28 and 35 days. Once collected, whole blood may immediately be transferred to tubes containing K₂ EDTA, inverted 10-15 times and immediately placed on ice. The tubes may be centrifuged for 2 minutes at >14,000×g (11500 RPM using Eppendorf Centrifuge 5417C, F45-30-11 rotor) at 4-8° C. to separate plasma. Plasma samples may be transferred to labeled plain tubes (MICROTAINER®; MFG# BD5962) and stored frozen at <−70° C.

Data Analysis: Drug concentrations in plasma samples may be analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy using appropriate parameters for each compound. Half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, maximal concentration, and AUC may be calculated by using WinNonlin software, version 5.2 (Pharsight, St. Louis, Mo.).

The Results will show that the prodrug compounds of the invention have a longer T_(max) and/or T₁₋₂ than the parent compound (e.g., compound of Formula Q, e.g., wherein X is —C(CH₃)— and Y is —C(O)— or the active compound hereinbefore described). 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a compound of Formula Q:

wherein: X is —N(CH₃)—; and Y is —C(═O)—; in toluenesulfonic acid addition salt form; and (ii) a polymeric matrix.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein: (a) the compound of Formula Q in toluenesulfonic acid addition salt form is either dissolved or dispersed in the polymeric matrix; and (b) the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as an injectable composition for sustained-release and/or delayed-release of the compound of Formula Q in toluenesulfonic acid addition salt form.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for controlled-release and/or sustained-release of the compound of Formula Q in toluenesulfonic acid addition salt form over a period of 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, 60 days or 90 days.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a vehicle comprising a viscosity enhancing agent.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein the viscosity enhancing agent is sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(citric acid), poly(malic acid), poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid), lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer, poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer, poly(glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer, a poly(alkyl alpha-cyanoacrylate), a poly(alkylene oxalate), a poly(orthoester), a polycarbonate, a poly(orthocarbonate), a polyamino acid, a hyaluronic acid ester, a poly(aliphatic carboxylic acid), a copolyoxalate, a polycaprolactone, a polydioxonone, a poly(acetal), a poly(lactic acid-caprolactone) and a poly(glycolic acid-caprolactone).
 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein the polymeric matrix is a microsphere comprising a biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix is a biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition or device comprising: (a) a gelatin capsule containing the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1; (b) a multilayer wall superposed on the gelatin capsule comprising in outward order from the capsule: (i) a barrier layer; (ii) an expandable layer; and (iii) a semipermeable layer; and (c) an orifice formed or formable through the wall.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition or device comprising: (a) a first layer containing the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1; (b) a second layer containing a polymer; (c) an outer wall surrounding the first layer and the second layer; and (d) an orifice in the outer wall.
 14. A method for inhibiting serotonin reuptake transporter activity in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 1. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the patient has a disorder involving the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)_(2A) pathway, the dopamine D2 receptor pathway and/or the serotonin reuptake transporter pathway.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the disorder is selected from a group consisting of (1) psychosis in a patient suffering from depression, (2) depression in a patient suffering from psychosis, (3) a mood disorder associated with psychosis, and (4) a sleep disorder associated with psychosis.
 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the patient has a disorder selected from a group consisting of obesity, anxiety, depression, psychosis, schizophrenia, migraine, a sleep disorder, a sexual disorder, a gastrointestinal disorder, a condition associated with cephalic pain, a social phobia, an agitation in dementia, an agitation in autism and an agitation in a related autistic disorder.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the disorder is depression.
 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the disorder is psychosis.
 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the disorder is schizophrenia. 